Winter brings its own set of challenges for pet owners, especially when it comes to protecting dogs from the dangers of cold weather.

While hypothermia (low body temperature) is often a major concern during the colder months, it’s important to recognise the signs and causes of winter hypothermia in dogs and take steps to keep your furry friend safe.

What is winter hypothermia?

Winter hypothermia occurs when a dog’s body temperature falls below the normal range of 38–39°C typically due to prolonged exposure to cold conditions. Unlike hyperthermia, which is caused by overheating, hypothermia happens when a dog’s body is unable to generate enough heat to maintain normal body temperature, especially in cold and wet environments. This condition is a serious health risk and requires immediate attention to prevent potentially life-threatening consequences.

Common causes of winter hyperthermia in dogs

Prolonged exposure to cold weather
If a dog is left outside for too long during cold temperatures, they may be at risk of hypothermia. Small or short-haired dogs, puppies, senior dogs, and dogs with pre-existing health conditions are more vulnerable to the cold and should not be left outside for extended periods.

Wet and windy conditions
Dogs who get wet in cold weather, such as after playing in snow or rain, are at increased risk of hypothermia. Cold water combined with wind can quickly lower a dog’s body temperature. Wet fur loses its insulating properties, which can lead to rapid heat loss.

Inadequate winter clothing for short-haired breeds
Dogs with short or thin coats (e.g. Greyhounds, Chihuahuas) can be particularly susceptible to the cold. While jackets, sweaters, and booties can help keep them warm, it’s important to ensure they are not left outside for long periods without protection.

Under exercising or reduced activity
During winter, some dogs are less active because of the cold. A lack of physical activity means they are less likely to generate body heat, making them more vulnerable to low temperatures, especially if they’re out in the cold for too long without warming up.

Symptoms of winter hypothermia

Winter hypothermia can develop slowly, so it’s essential to be aware of the signs early on. Watch for the following symptoms:

• Shivering: One of the earliest signs of hypothermia is shivering, as your dog’s body attempts to generate heat.
• Lethargic or weakness: A dog suffering from hypothermia may appear unusually tired or weak and may have difficulty standing or walking.
• Cold or pale skin: Check your dog’s ears, paws, or belly. If their skin feels cold to the touch or their gums become pale or bluish, hypothermia may be setting in.
• Decreased heart rate or breathing: Hypothermia slows down the heart rate and breathing. If you notice your dog’s heart rate or breathing is unusually slow, this is a serious sign.
• Frostbite: Prolonged exposure to the cold can cause frostbite, typically affecting extremities like ears, paws, and the tail. Look for pale, blue, or blackened skin.
• Vomiting or diarrhoea: Some dogs with hypothermia may experience gastrointestinal upset because of the cold.

What to do if you suspect your dog has hypothermia?

If you notice signs of winter hypothermia in dogs, it’s crucial to act quickly. Here’s what you should do:

Move them to a warm environment
Immediately bring your dog indoors or into a sheltered area out of the cold. Remove them from the wet and windy environment. Make sure they’re in a warm, dry place, but avoid exposing them to direct heat, like from a radiator or hairdryer, as this can shock their system.

Wrap them in warm, dry towels or blankets
Use warm towels or blankets to gently wrap your dog. Focus on covering their torso, neck, and limbs, as these areas are key to maintaining body heat.

Gradually warm them up
If your dog is conscious, offer them lukewarm water to drink to help raise their body temperature. If they refuse to drink, don’t force it. Try to warm them slowly to avoid shock. Place them near a heater or in a warm room but keep them comfortable and not too hot.

Contact a vet
Even if your dog seems to recover after warming up, it’s important to see a vet. Hypothermia can cause organ damage or lead to complications, so a professional evaluation is recommended.

How to prevent winter hypothermia in dogs

To keep your dog safe from hypothermia during the colder months, consider these preventive measures:

• Limit outdoor time in extreme cold – Avoid long walks or outdoor play when temperatures are dangerously low. Be mindful of wind chill, which can make it feel much colder. Short-haired breeds, puppies, senior dogs, and dogs with health conditions should be brought indoors more often during extreme cold spells.
• Dress your dog appropriately -For short-haired or small breeds, consider dressing them in a well-fitting sweater or coat when they go outside. Be mindful, though, that the clothes should not restrict movement or become wet.
• Dry your dog thoroughly – After being outside in the snow or rain, dry your dog off immediately. Pay special attention to their paws, belly, and legs. Wet fur in cold weather can increase the risk of hypothermia.
• Provide warm, comfortable indoor spaces– Make sure your dog has a warm place to rest inside, especially if you use central heating. Create a cosy, draft-free spot where they can stay warm when they’re not active.
• Monitor older and smaller dogs – Senior dogs and small breeds can have a harder time regulating their body temperature. Always monitor them closely during cold weather and take extra precautions to keep them warm.
• Regular vet check-ups – Dogs with pre-existing medical conditions (joint issues or heart disease) are at higher risk for hypothermia, especially in the winter. Talk to your vet for guidance on how to care for your dog during the cold months.

Winter hypothermia is a serious but preventable condition. By understanding its causes, recognising the signs, and taking proactive steps to protect your dog, you can help ensure they stay safe and comfortable throughout the winter months.